ASTM A227 Spring Steel vs. Grade 28 Titanium
ASTM A227 spring steel belongs to the iron alloys classification, while grade 28 titanium belongs to the titanium alloys. There are 29 material properties with values for both materials. Properties with values for just one material (3, in this case) are not shown.
For each property being compared, the top bar is ASTM A227 spring steel and the bottom bar is grade 28 titanium.
Metric UnitsUS Customary Units
Mechanical Properties
| Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa | 190 | |
| 110 |
| Elongation at Break, % | 12 | |
| 11 to 17 |
| Fatigue Strength, MPa | 900 to 1160 | |
| 330 to 480 |
| Poisson's Ratio | 0.29 | |
| 0.32 |
| Shear Modulus, GPa | 72 | |
| 40 |
| Shear Strength, MPa | 1030 to 1330 | |
| 420 to 590 |
| Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa | 1720 to 2220 | |
| 690 to 980 |
| Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof), MPa | 1430 to 1850 | |
| 540 to 810 |
Thermal Properties
| Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g | 250 | |
| 410 |
| Maximum Temperature: Mechanical, °C | 400 | |
| 330 |
| Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C | 1450 | |
| 1640 |
| Melting Onset (Solidus), °C | 1410 | |
| 1590 |
| Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K | 470 | |
| 550 |
| Thermal Conductivity, W/m-K | 52 | |
| 8.3 |
| Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K | 12 | |
| 9.9 |
Electrical Properties
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume, % IACS | 7.2 | |
| 1.3 |
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific), % IACS | 8.3 | |
| 2.7 |
Otherwise Unclassified Properties
| Base Metal Price, % relative | 1.8 | |
| 36 |
| Density, g/cm3 | 7.8 | |
| 4.5 |
| Embodied Carbon, kg CO2/kg material | 1.4 | |
| 37 |
| Embodied Energy, MJ/kg | 19 | |
| 600 |
| Embodied Water, L/kg | 46 | |
| 370 |
Common Calculations
| Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work), MJ/m3 | 200 to 260 | |
| 87 to 110 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points | 13 | |
| 13 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points | 24 | |
| 35 |
| Strength to Weight: Axial, points | 61 to 79 | |
| 43 to 61 |
| Strength to Weight: Bending, points | 41 to 48 | |
| 39 to 49 |
| Thermal Diffusivity, mm2/s | 14 | |
| 3.4 |
| Thermal Shock Resistance, points | 55 to 71 | |
| 47 to 66 |
Alloy Composition
| Aluminum (Al), % | 0 | |
| 2.5 to 3.5 |
| Carbon (C), % | 0.45 to 0.85 | |
| 0 to 0.080 |
| Hydrogen (H), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.015 |
| Iron (Fe), % | 97.4 to 99.1 | |
| 0 to 0.25 |
| Manganese (Mn), % | 0.3 to 1.3 | |
| 0 |
| Nitrogen (N), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.030 |
| Oxygen (O), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.15 |
| Phosphorus (P), % | 0 to 0.040 | |
| 0 |
| Ruthenium (Ru), % | 0 | |
| 0.080 to 0.14 |
| Silicon (Si), % | 0.15 to 0.35 | |
| 0 |
| Sulfur (S), % | 0 to 0.050 | |
| 0 |
| Titanium (Ti), % | 0 | |
| 92.4 to 95.4 |
| Vanadium (V), % | 0 | |
| 2.0 to 3.0 |
| Residuals, % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.4 |