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ASTM A231 Spring Steel vs. Grade 21 Titanium

ASTM A231 spring steel belongs to the iron alloys classification, while grade 21 titanium belongs to the titanium alloys. There are 28 material properties with values for both materials. Properties with values for just one material (4, in this case) are not shown.

For each property being compared, the top bar is ASTM A231 spring steel and the bottom bar is grade 21 titanium.

Metric UnitsUS Customary Units

Mechanical Properties

Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa 190
140
Elongation at Break, % 14
9.0 to 17
Fatigue Strength, MPa 1000
550 to 660
Poisson's Ratio 0.29
0.32
Reduction in Area, % 46
22
Shear Modulus, GPa 73
51
Shear Strength, MPa 1080
550 to 790
Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa 1790
890 to 1340
Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof), MPa 1570
870 to 1170

Thermal Properties

Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g 250
410
Maximum Temperature: Mechanical, °C 420
310
Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C 1460
1740
Melting Onset (Solidus), °C 1410
1690
Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K 470
500
Thermal Conductivity, W/m-K 52
7.5
Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K 13
7.1

Otherwise Unclassified Properties

Base Metal Price, % relative 2.3
60
Density, g/cm3 7.8
5.4
Embodied Carbon, kg CO2/kg material 2.0
32
Embodied Energy, MJ/kg 28
490
Embodied Water, L/kg 51
180

Common Calculations

Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work), MJ/m3 230
110 to 180
Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points 13
14
Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points 24
32
Strength to Weight: Axial, points 64
46 to 69
Strength to Weight: Bending, points 42
38 to 50
Thermal Diffusivity, mm2/s 14
2.8
Thermal Shock Resistance, points 53
66 to 100

Alloy Composition

Aluminum (Al), % 0
2.5 to 3.5
Carbon (C), % 0.48 to 0.53
0 to 0.050
Chromium (Cr), % 0.8 to 1.1
0
Hydrogen (H), % 0
0 to 0.015
Iron (Fe), % 96.7 to 97.7
0 to 0.4
Manganese (Mn), % 0.7 to 0.9
0
Molybdenum (Mo), % 0
14 to 16
Niobium (Nb), % 0
2.2 to 3.2
Nitrogen (N), % 0
0 to 0.030
Oxygen (O), % 0
0 to 0.17
Phosphorus (P), % 0 to 0.040
0
Silicon (Si), % 0.15 to 0.35
0.15 to 0.25
Sulfur (S), % 0 to 0.040
0
Titanium (Ti), % 0
76 to 81.2
Vanadium (V), % 0.15 to 0.3
0
Residuals, % 0
0 to 0.4