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ASTM A231 Spring Steel vs. Grade 37 Titanium

ASTM A231 spring steel belongs to the iron alloys classification, while grade 37 titanium belongs to the titanium alloys. There are 30 material properties with values for both materials. Properties with values for just one material (2, in this case) are not shown.

For each property being compared, the top bar is ASTM A231 spring steel and the bottom bar is grade 37 titanium.

Metric UnitsUS Customary Units

Mechanical Properties

Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa 190
110
Elongation at Break, % 14
22
Fatigue Strength, MPa 1000
170
Poisson's Ratio 0.29
0.32
Reduction in Area, % 46
34
Shear Modulus, GPa 73
40
Shear Strength, MPa 1080
240
Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa 1790
390
Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof), MPa 1570
250

Thermal Properties

Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g 250
420
Maximum Temperature: Mechanical, °C 420
310
Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C 1460
1650
Melting Onset (Solidus), °C 1410
1600
Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K 470
550
Thermal Conductivity, W/m-K 52
21
Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K 13
8.9

Electrical Properties

Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume, % IACS 7.3
3.4
Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific), % IACS 8.4
6.8

Otherwise Unclassified Properties

Base Metal Price, % relative 2.3
36
Density, g/cm3 7.8
4.5
Embodied Carbon, kg CO2/kg material 2.0
31
Embodied Energy, MJ/kg 28
500
Embodied Water, L/kg 51
120

Common Calculations

Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work), MJ/m3 230
76
Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points 13
13
Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points 24
35
Strength to Weight: Axial, points 64
24
Strength to Weight: Bending, points 42
26
Thermal Diffusivity, mm2/s 14
8.4
Thermal Shock Resistance, points 53
29

Alloy Composition

Aluminum (Al), % 0
1.0 to 2.0
Carbon (C), % 0.48 to 0.53
0 to 0.080
Chromium (Cr), % 0.8 to 1.1
0
Hydrogen (H), % 0
0 to 0.015
Iron (Fe), % 96.7 to 97.7
0 to 0.3
Manganese (Mn), % 0.7 to 0.9
0
Nitrogen (N), % 0
0 to 0.030
Oxygen (O), % 0
0 to 0.25
Phosphorus (P), % 0 to 0.040
0
Silicon (Si), % 0.15 to 0.35
0
Sulfur (S), % 0 to 0.040
0
Titanium (Ti), % 0
96.9 to 99
Vanadium (V), % 0.15 to 0.3
0
Residuals, % 0
0 to 0.4