ASTM A231 Spring Steel vs. Grade 7 Titanium
ASTM A231 spring steel belongs to the iron alloys classification, while grade 7 titanium belongs to the titanium alloys. There are 30 material properties with values for both materials. Properties with values for just one material (2, in this case) are not shown.
For each property being compared, the top bar is ASTM A231 spring steel and the bottom bar is grade 7 titanium.
Metric UnitsUS Customary Units
Mechanical Properties
| Brinell Hardness | 540 | |
| 150 |
| Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa | 190 | |
| 110 |
| Elongation at Break, % | 14 | |
| 24 |
| Fatigue Strength, MPa | 1000 | |
| 250 |
| Poisson's Ratio | 0.29 | |
| 0.32 |
| Reduction in Area, % | 46 | |
| 34 |
| Shear Modulus, GPa | 73 | |
| 38 |
| Shear Strength, MPa | 1080 | |
| 270 |
| Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa | 1790 | |
| 420 |
| Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof), MPa | 1570 | |
| 340 |
Thermal Properties
| Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g | 250 | |
| 420 |
| Maximum Temperature: Mechanical, °C | 420 | |
| 320 |
| Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C | 1460 | |
| 1660 |
| Melting Onset (Solidus), °C | 1410 | |
| 1610 |
| Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K | 470 | |
| 540 |
| Thermal Conductivity, W/m-K | 52 | |
| 22 |
| Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K | 13 | |
| 9.2 |
Electrical Properties
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume, % IACS | 7.3 | |
| 3.6 |
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific), % IACS | 8.4 | |
| 7.2 |
Otherwise Unclassified Properties
| Density, g/cm3 | 7.8 | |
| 4.5 |
| Embodied Carbon, kg CO2/kg material | 2.0 | |
| 47 |
| Embodied Energy, MJ/kg | 28 | |
| 800 |
| Embodied Water, L/kg | 51 | |
| 470 |
Common Calculations
| Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work), MJ/m3 | 230 | |
| 95 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points | 13 | |
| 13 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points | 24 | |
| 35 |
| Strength to Weight: Axial, points | 64 | |
| 26 |
| Strength to Weight: Bending, points | 42 | |
| 28 |
| Thermal Diffusivity, mm2/s | 14 | |
| 8.9 |
| Thermal Shock Resistance, points | 53 | |
| 31 |
Alloy Composition
| Carbon (C), % | 0.48 to 0.53 | |
| 0 to 0.080 |
| Chromium (Cr), % | 0.8 to 1.1 | |
| 0 |
| Hydrogen (H), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.015 |
| Iron (Fe), % | 96.7 to 97.7 | |
| 0 to 0.3 |
| Manganese (Mn), % | 0.7 to 0.9 | |
| 0 |
| Nitrogen (N), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.030 |
| Oxygen (O), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.25 |
| Palladium (Pd), % | 0 | |
| 0.12 to 0.25 |
| Phosphorus (P), % | 0 to 0.040 | |
| 0 |
| Silicon (Si), % | 0.15 to 0.35 | |
| 0 |
| Sulfur (S), % | 0 to 0.040 | |
| 0 |
| Titanium (Ti), % | 0 | |
| 98.7 to 99.88 |
| Vanadium (V), % | 0.15 to 0.3 | |
| 0 |
| Residuals, % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.4 |