ASTM A232 Spring Steel vs. EN 2.4669 Nickel
ASTM A232 spring steel belongs to the iron alloys classification, while EN 2.4669 nickel belongs to the nickel alloys. There are 30 material properties with values for both materials. Properties with values for just one material (3, in this case) are not shown.
For each property being compared, the top bar is ASTM A232 spring steel and the bottom bar is EN 2.4669 nickel.
Metric UnitsUS Customary Units
Mechanical Properties
| Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa | 190 | |
| 190 |
| Elongation at Break, % | 14 | |
| 16 |
| Fatigue Strength, MPa | 1040 | |
| 390 |
| Poisson's Ratio | 0.29 | |
| 0.29 |
| Reduction in Area, % | 46 | |
| 31 |
| Shear Modulus, GPa | 73 | |
| 73 |
| Shear Strength, MPa | 1090 | |
| 680 |
| Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa | 1790 | |
| 1110 |
| Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof), MPa | 1610 | |
| 720 |
Thermal Properties
| Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g | 250 | |
| 310 |
| Maximum Temperature: Mechanical, °C | 420 | |
| 960 |
| Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C | 1460 | |
| 1380 |
| Melting Onset (Solidus), °C | 1410 | |
| 1330 |
| Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K | 470 | |
| 460 |
| Thermal Conductivity, W/m-K | 52 | |
| 12 |
| Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K | 13 | |
| 13 |
Electrical Properties
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume, % IACS | 7.3 | |
| 1.4 |
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific), % IACS | 8.4 | |
| 1.5 |
Otherwise Unclassified Properties
| Base Metal Price, % relative | 2.3 | |
| 60 |
| Density, g/cm3 | 7.8 | |
| 8.4 |
| Embodied Carbon, kg CO2/kg material | 2.0 | |
| 10 |
| Embodied Energy, MJ/kg | 28 | |
| 150 |
| Embodied Water, L/kg | 51 | |
| 260 |
Common Calculations
| Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work), MJ/m3 | 250 | |
| 160 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points | 13 | |
| 13 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points | 24 | |
| 23 |
| Strength to Weight: Axial, points | 64 | |
| 37 |
| Strength to Weight: Bending, points | 42 | |
| 28 |
| Thermal Diffusivity, mm2/s | 14 | |
| 3.1 |
| Thermal Shock Resistance, points | 53 | |
| 33 |
Alloy Composition
| Aluminum (Al), % | 0 | |
| 0.4 to 1.0 |
| Carbon (C), % | 0.48 to 0.53 | |
| 0 to 0.080 |
| Chromium (Cr), % | 0.8 to 1.1 | |
| 14 to 17 |
| Cobalt (Co), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 1.0 |
| Copper (Cu), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.5 |
| Iron (Fe), % | 96.8 to 97.7 | |
| 5.0 to 9.0 |
| Manganese (Mn), % | 0.7 to 0.9 | |
| 0 to 1.0 |
| Nickel (Ni), % | 0 | |
| 65.9 to 77.7 |
| Niobium (Nb), % | 0 | |
| 0.7 to 1.2 |
| Phosphorus (P), % | 0 to 0.020 | |
| 0 to 0.020 |
| Silicon (Si), % | 0.15 to 0.35 | |
| 0 to 0.5 |
| Sulfur (S), % | 0 to 0.035 | |
| 0 to 0.015 |
| Titanium (Ti), % | 0 | |
| 2.3 to 2.8 |
| Vanadium (V), % | 0.15 to 0.3 | |
| 0 |