ASTM A321 Carbon Steel vs. Grade 1 Titanium
ASTM A321 carbon steel belongs to the iron alloys classification, while grade 1 titanium belongs to the titanium alloys.
For each property being compared, the top bar is ASTM A321 carbon steel and the bottom bar is grade 1 titanium.
Metric UnitsUS Customary Units
Mechanical Properties
| Brinell Hardness | 190 | |
| 120 |
| Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa | 190 | |
| 110 |
| Elongation at Break, % | 21 | |
| 28 |
| Fatigue Strength, MPa | 270 | |
| 170 |
| Poisson's Ratio | 0.29 | |
| 0.32 |
| Reduction in Area, % | 39 | |
| 36 |
| Shear Modulus, GPa | 73 | |
| 39 |
| Shear Strength, MPa | 420 | |
| 200 |
| Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa | 670 | |
| 310 |
| Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof), MPa | 390 | |
| 220 |
Thermal Properties
| Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g | 250 | |
| 420 |
| Maximum Temperature: Mechanical, °C | 400 | |
| 320 |
| Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C | 1460 | |
| 1660 |
| Melting Onset (Solidus), °C | 1420 | |
| 1610 |
| Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K | 470 | |
| 540 |
| Thermal Conductivity, W/m-K | 51 | |
| 20 |
| Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K | 12 | |
| 8.8 |
Electrical Properties
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume, % IACS | 7.1 | |
| 3.7 |
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific), % IACS | 8.1 | |
| 7.3 |
Otherwise Unclassified Properties
| Base Metal Price, % relative | 1.8 | |
| 37 |
| Density, g/cm3 | 7.8 | |
| 4.5 |
| Embodied Carbon, kg CO2/kg material | 1.4 | |
| 31 |
| Embodied Energy, MJ/kg | 18 | |
| 510 |
| Embodied Water, L/kg | 46 | |
| 110 |
Common Calculations
| Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work), MJ/m3 | 120 | |
| 79 |
| Resilience: Unit (Modulus of Resilience), kJ/m3 | 400 | |
| 230 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points | 13 | |
| 13 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points | 24 | |
| 35 |
| Strength to Weight: Axial, points | 24 | |
| 19 |
| Strength to Weight: Bending, points | 22 | |
| 23 |
| Thermal Diffusivity, mm2/s | 14 | |
| 8.2 |
| Thermal Shock Resistance, points | 21 | |
| 24 |
Alloy Composition
| Carbon (C), % | 0 to 0.55 | |
| 0 to 0.080 |
| Hydrogen (H), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.015 |
| Iron (Fe), % | 98.1 to 99.25 | |
| 0 to 0.2 |
| Manganese (Mn), % | 0.6 to 0.9 | |
| 0 |
| Nitrogen (N), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.030 |
| Oxygen (O), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.18 |
| Phosphorus (P), % | 0 to 0.040 | |
| 0 |
| Silicon (Si), % | 0.15 to 0.35 | |
| 0 |
| Sulfur (S), % | 0 to 0.050 | |
| 0 |
| Titanium (Ti), % | 0 | |
| 99.095 to 100 |
| Residuals, % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.4 |