ASTM A321 Carbon Steel vs. Grade 12 Titanium
ASTM A321 carbon steel belongs to the iron alloys classification, while grade 12 titanium belongs to the titanium alloys.
For each property being compared, the top bar is ASTM A321 carbon steel and the bottom bar is grade 12 titanium.
Metric UnitsUS Customary Units
Mechanical Properties
| Brinell Hardness | 190 | |
| 170 |
| Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa | 190 | |
| 110 |
| Elongation at Break, % | 21 | |
| 21 |
| Fatigue Strength, MPa | 270 | |
| 280 |
| Poisson's Ratio | 0.29 | |
| 0.32 |
| Reduction in Area, % | 39 | |
| 28 |
| Shear Modulus, GPa | 73 | |
| 39 |
| Shear Strength, MPa | 420 | |
| 330 |
| Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa | 670 | |
| 530 |
| Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof), MPa | 390 | |
| 410 |
Thermal Properties
| Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g | 250 | |
| 420 |
| Maximum Temperature: Mechanical, °C | 400 | |
| 320 |
| Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C | 1460 | |
| 1660 |
| Melting Onset (Solidus), °C | 1420 | |
| 1610 |
| Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K | 470 | |
| 540 |
| Thermal Conductivity, W/m-K | 51 | |
| 21 |
| Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K | 12 | |
| 9.6 |
Electrical Properties
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume, % IACS | 7.1 | |
| 3.3 |
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific), % IACS | 8.1 | |
| 6.6 |
Otherwise Unclassified Properties
| Base Metal Price, % relative | 1.8 | |
| 37 |
| Density, g/cm3 | 7.8 | |
| 4.5 |
| Embodied Carbon, kg CO2/kg material | 1.4 | |
| 31 |
| Embodied Energy, MJ/kg | 18 | |
| 500 |
| Embodied Water, L/kg | 46 | |
| 110 |
Common Calculations
| Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work), MJ/m3 | 120 | |
| 110 |
| Resilience: Unit (Modulus of Resilience), kJ/m3 | 400 | |
| 770 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points | 13 | |
| 13 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points | 24 | |
| 35 |
| Strength to Weight: Axial, points | 24 | |
| 32 |
| Strength to Weight: Bending, points | 22 | |
| 32 |
| Thermal Diffusivity, mm2/s | 14 | |
| 8.5 |
| Thermal Shock Resistance, points | 21 | |
| 37 |
Alloy Composition
| Carbon (C), % | 0 to 0.55 | |
| 0 to 0.080 |
| Hydrogen (H), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.015 |
| Iron (Fe), % | 98.1 to 99.25 | |
| 0 to 0.3 |
| Manganese (Mn), % | 0.6 to 0.9 | |
| 0 |
| Molybdenum (Mo), % | 0 | |
| 0.2 to 0.4 |
| Nickel (Ni), % | 0 | |
| 0.6 to 0.9 |
| Nitrogen (N), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.030 |
| Oxygen (O), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.25 |
| Phosphorus (P), % | 0 to 0.040 | |
| 0 |
| Silicon (Si), % | 0.15 to 0.35 | |
| 0 |
| Sulfur (S), % | 0 to 0.050 | |
| 0 |
| Titanium (Ti), % | 0 | |
| 97.6 to 99.2 |
| Residuals, % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.4 |