ASTM A387 Grade 21L Class 1 vs. ASTM A231 Spring Steel
Both ASTM A387 grade 21L class 1 and ASTM A231 spring steel are iron alloys. They have a very high 97% of their average alloy composition in common. There are 30 material properties with values for both materials. Properties with values for just one material (3, in this case) are not shown.
For each property being compared, the top bar is ASTM A387 grade 21L class 1 and the bottom bar is ASTM A231 spring steel.
Metric UnitsUS Customary Units
Mechanical Properties
| Brinell Hardness | 150 | |
| 540 |
| Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa | 190 | |
| 190 |
| Elongation at Break, % | 21 | |
| 14 |
| Fatigue Strength, MPa | 160 | |
| 1000 |
| Poisson's Ratio | 0.29 | |
| 0.29 |
| Shear Modulus, GPa | 74 | |
| 73 |
| Shear Strength, MPa | 310 | |
| 1080 |
| Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa | 500 | |
| 1790 |
| Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof), MPa | 230 | |
| 1570 |
Thermal Properties
| Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g | 260 | |
| 250 |
| Maximum Temperature: Mechanical, °C | 480 | |
| 420 |
| Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C | 1470 | |
| 1460 |
| Melting Onset (Solidus), °C | 1430 | |
| 1410 |
| Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K | 470 | |
| 470 |
| Thermal Conductivity, W/m-K | 41 | |
| 52 |
| Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K | 13 | |
| 13 |
Electrical Properties
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume, % IACS | 7.6 | |
| 7.3 |
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific), % IACS | 8.8 | |
| 8.4 |
Otherwise Unclassified Properties
| Base Metal Price, % relative | 4.1 | |
| 2.3 |
| Density, g/cm3 | 7.9 | |
| 7.8 |
| Embodied Carbon, kg CO2/kg material | 1.8 | |
| 2.0 |
| Embodied Energy, MJ/kg | 23 | |
| 28 |
| Embodied Water, L/kg | 62 | |
| 51 |
Common Calculations
| Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work), MJ/m3 | 84 | |
| 230 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points | 13 | |
| 13 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points | 24 | |
| 24 |
| Strength to Weight: Axial, points | 18 | |
| 64 |
| Strength to Weight: Bending, points | 18 | |
| 42 |
| Thermal Diffusivity, mm2/s | 11 | |
| 14 |
| Thermal Shock Resistance, points | 14 | |
| 53 |
Alloy Composition
| Carbon (C), % | 0 to 0.1 | |
| 0.48 to 0.53 |
| Chromium (Cr), % | 2.8 to 3.3 | |
| 0.8 to 1.1 |
| Iron (Fe), % | 94.4 to 96.1 | |
| 96.7 to 97.7 |
| Manganese (Mn), % | 0.3 to 0.6 | |
| 0.7 to 0.9 |
| Molybdenum (Mo), % | 0.9 to 1.1 | |
| 0 |
| Phosphorus (P), % | 0 to 0.025 | |
| 0 to 0.040 |
| Silicon (Si), % | 0 to 0.5 | |
| 0.15 to 0.35 |
| Sulfur (S), % | 0 to 0.025 | |
| 0 to 0.040 |
| Vanadium (V), % | 0 | |
| 0.15 to 0.3 |