ASTM Grade HD Steel vs. ACI-ASTM CD4MCu Steel
Both ASTM grade HD steel and ACI-ASTM CD4MCu steel are iron alloys. They have a very high 95% of their average alloy composition in common.
For each property being compared, the top bar is ASTM grade HD steel and the bottom bar is ACI-ASTM CD4MCu steel.
Metric UnitsUS Customary Units
Mechanical Properties
| Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa | 200 | |
| 200 |
| Elongation at Break, % | 9.1 | |
| 18 |
| Fatigue Strength, MPa | 140 | |
| 340 |
| Poisson's Ratio | 0.27 | |
| 0.27 |
| Shear Modulus, GPa | 80 | |
| 79 |
| Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa | 590 | |
| 770 |
| Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof), MPa | 270 | |
| 550 |
Thermal Properties
| Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g | 310 | |
| 300 |
| Maximum Temperature: Corrosion, °C | 460 | |
| 450 |
| Maximum Temperature: Mechanical, °C | 1100 | |
| 1100 |
| Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C | 1410 | |
| 1430 |
| Melting Onset (Solidus), °C | 1370 | |
| 1380 |
| Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K | 490 | |
| 480 |
| Thermal Conductivity, W/m-K | 16 | |
| 17 |
| Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K | 11 | |
| 13 |
Electrical Properties
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume, % IACS | 2.1 | |
| 2.2 |
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific), % IACS | 2.5 | |
| 2.5 |
Otherwise Unclassified Properties
| Base Metal Price, % relative | 17 | |
| 18 |
| Density, g/cm3 | 7.7 | |
| 7.8 |
| Embodied Carbon, kg CO2/kg material | 3.1 | |
| 3.5 |
| Embodied Energy, MJ/kg | 45 | |
| 49 |
| Embodied Water, L/kg | 180 | |
| 180 |
Common Calculations
| PREN (Pitting Resistance) | 29 | |
| 32 |
| Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work), MJ/m3 | 44 | |
| 130 |
| Resilience: Unit (Modulus of Resilience), kJ/m3 | 180 | |
| 760 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points | 15 | |
| 14 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points | 26 | |
| 25 |
| Strength to Weight: Axial, points | 21 | |
| 28 |
| Strength to Weight: Bending, points | 20 | |
| 24 |
| Thermal Diffusivity, mm2/s | 4.3 | |
| 4.5 |
| Thermal Shock Resistance, points | 19 | |
| 21 |
Alloy Composition
| Carbon (C), % | 0 to 0.5 | |
| 0 to 0.040 |
| Chromium (Cr), % | 26 to 30 | |
| 24.5 to 26.5 |
| Copper (Cu), % | 0 | |
| 2.8 to 3.3 |
| Iron (Fe), % | 58.4 to 70 | |
| 59.9 to 66.3 |
| Manganese (Mn), % | 0 to 1.5 | |
| 0 to 1.0 |
| Molybdenum (Mo), % | 0 to 0.5 | |
| 1.8 to 2.3 |
| Nickel (Ni), % | 4.0 to 7.0 | |
| 4.8 to 6.0 |
| Phosphorus (P), % | 0 to 0.040 | |
| 0 to 0.040 |
| Silicon (Si), % | 0 to 2.0 | |
| 0 to 1.0 |
| Sulfur (S), % | 0 to 0.040 | |
| 0 to 0.040 |