ASTM Grade HL Steel vs. C96900 Copper-nickel
ASTM grade HL steel belongs to the iron alloys classification, while C96900 copper-nickel belongs to the copper alloys. There are 24 material properties with values for both materials. Properties with values for just one material (6, in this case) are not shown.
For each property being compared, the top bar is ASTM grade HL steel and the bottom bar is C96900 copper-nickel.
Metric UnitsUS Customary Units
Mechanical Properties
| Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa | 200 | |
| 120 |
| Elongation at Break, % | 11 | |
| 4.5 |
| Poisson's Ratio | 0.27 | |
| 0.34 |
| Shear Modulus, GPa | 80 | |
| 45 |
| Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa | 500 | |
| 850 |
| Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof), MPa | 270 | |
| 830 |
Thermal Properties
| Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g | 320 | |
| 210 |
| Maximum Temperature: Mechanical, °C | 1100 | |
| 210 |
| Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C | 1390 | |
| 1060 |
| Melting Onset (Solidus), °C | 1340 | |
| 960 |
| Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K | 490 | |
| 380 |
| Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K | 17 | |
| 17 |
Otherwise Unclassified Properties
| Base Metal Price, % relative | 27 | |
| 39 |
| Density, g/cm3 | 7.8 | |
| 8.8 |
| Embodied Carbon, kg CO2/kg material | 4.5 | |
| 4.6 |
| Embodied Energy, MJ/kg | 65 | |
| 72 |
| Embodied Water, L/kg | 210 | |
| 360 |
Common Calculations
| Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work), MJ/m3 | 48 | |
| 38 |
| Resilience: Unit (Modulus of Resilience), kJ/m3 | 180 | |
| 2820 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points | 14 | |
| 7.7 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points | 25 | |
| 19 |
| Strength to Weight: Axial, points | 18 | |
| 27 |
| Strength to Weight: Bending, points | 18 | |
| 23 |
| Thermal Shock Resistance, points | 11 | |
| 30 |
Alloy Composition
| Carbon (C), % | 0.2 to 0.6 | |
| 0 |
| Chromium (Cr), % | 28 to 32 | |
| 0 |
| Copper (Cu), % | 0 | |
| 73.6 to 78 |
| Iron (Fe), % | 40.8 to 53.8 | |
| 0 to 0.5 |
| Lead (Pb), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.020 |
| Magnesium (Mg), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.15 |
| Manganese (Mn), % | 0 to 2.0 | |
| 0.050 to 0.3 |
| Molybdenum (Mo), % | 0 to 0.5 | |
| 0 |
| Nickel (Ni), % | 18 to 22 | |
| 14.5 to 15.5 |
| Niobium (Nb), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.1 |
| Phosphorus (P), % | 0 to 0.040 | |
| 0 |
| Silicon (Si), % | 0 to 2.0 | |
| 0 to 0.3 |
| Sulfur (S), % | 0 to 0.040 | |
| 0 |
| Tin (Sn), % | 0 | |
| 7.5 to 8.5 |
| Zinc (Zn), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.5 |
| Residuals, % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.5 |