AWS E33-31 vs. Grade 28 Titanium
AWS E33-31 belongs to the iron alloys classification, while grade 28 titanium belongs to the titanium alloys. There are 20 material properties with values for both materials. Properties with values for just one material (12, in this case) are not shown.
For each property being compared, the top bar is AWS E33-31 and the bottom bar is grade 28 titanium.
Metric UnitsUS Customary Units
Mechanical Properties
| Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa | 210 | |
| 110 |
| Elongation at Break, % | 29 | |
| 11 to 17 |
| Poisson's Ratio | 0.27 | |
| 0.32 |
| Shear Modulus, GPa | 81 | |
| 40 |
| Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa | 810 | |
| 690 to 980 |
Thermal Properties
| Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g | 320 | |
| 410 |
| Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C | 1380 | |
| 1640 |
| Melting Onset (Solidus), °C | 1330 | |
| 1590 |
| Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K | 480 | |
| 550 |
| Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K | 14 | |
| 9.9 |
Otherwise Unclassified Properties
| Base Metal Price, % relative | 36 | |
| 36 |
| Density, g/cm3 | 7.9 | |
| 4.5 |
| Embodied Carbon, kg CO2/kg material | 6.0 | |
| 37 |
| Embodied Energy, MJ/kg | 86 | |
| 600 |
| Embodied Water, L/kg | 260 | |
| 370 |
Common Calculations
| Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points | 14 | |
| 13 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points | 25 | |
| 35 |
| Strength to Weight: Axial, points | 28 | |
| 43 to 61 |
| Strength to Weight: Bending, points | 24 | |
| 39 to 49 |
| Thermal Shock Resistance, points | 19 | |
| 47 to 66 |
Alloy Composition
| Aluminum (Al), % | 0 | |
| 2.5 to 3.5 |
| Carbon (C), % | 0 to 0.030 | |
| 0 to 0.080 |
| Chromium (Cr), % | 31 to 35 | |
| 0 |
| Copper (Cu), % | 0.4 to 0.8 | |
| 0 |
| Hydrogen (H), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.015 |
| Iron (Fe), % | 24.7 to 34.8 | |
| 0 to 0.25 |
| Manganese (Mn), % | 2.5 to 4.0 | |
| 0 |
| Molybdenum (Mo), % | 1.0 to 2.0 | |
| 0 |
| Nickel (Ni), % | 30 to 32 | |
| 0 |
| Nitrogen (N), % | 0.3 to 0.5 | |
| 0 to 0.030 |
| Oxygen (O), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.15 |
| Phosphorus (P), % | 0 to 0.020 | |
| 0 |
| Ruthenium (Ru), % | 0 | |
| 0.080 to 0.14 |
| Silicon (Si), % | 0 to 0.9 | |
| 0 |
| Sulfur (S), % | 0 to 0.010 | |
| 0 |
| Titanium (Ti), % | 0 | |
| 92.4 to 95.4 |
| Vanadium (V), % | 0 | |
| 2.0 to 3.0 |
| Residuals, % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.4 |