EN 1.0234 Steel vs. Grade 12 Titanium
EN 1.0234 steel belongs to the iron alloys classification, while grade 12 titanium belongs to the titanium alloys.
For each property being compared, the top bar is EN 1.0234 steel and the bottom bar is grade 12 titanium.
Metric UnitsUS Customary Units
Mechanical Properties
| Brinell Hardness | 100 to 140 | |
| 170 |
| Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa | 190 | |
| 110 |
| Elongation at Break, % | 12 to 29 | |
| 21 |
| Fatigue Strength, MPa | 170 to 270 | |
| 280 |
| Poisson's Ratio | 0.29 | |
| 0.32 |
| Reduction in Area, % | 64 to 78 | |
| 28 |
| Shear Modulus, GPa | 73 | |
| 39 |
| Shear Strength, MPa | 260 to 300 | |
| 330 |
| Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa | 350 to 480 | |
| 530 |
| Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof), MPa | 220 to 410 | |
| 410 |
Thermal Properties
| Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g | 250 | |
| 420 |
| Maximum Temperature: Mechanical, °C | 400 | |
| 320 |
| Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C | 1460 | |
| 1660 |
| Melting Onset (Solidus), °C | 1420 | |
| 1610 |
| Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K | 470 | |
| 540 |
| Thermal Conductivity, W/m-K | 53 | |
| 21 |
| Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K | 12 | |
| 9.6 |
Electrical Properties
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume, % IACS | 7.0 | |
| 3.3 |
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific), % IACS | 8.0 | |
| 6.6 |
Otherwise Unclassified Properties
| Base Metal Price, % relative | 1.8 | |
| 37 |
| Density, g/cm3 | 7.9 | |
| 4.5 |
| Embodied Carbon, kg CO2/kg material | 1.4 | |
| 31 |
| Embodied Energy, MJ/kg | 18 | |
| 500 |
| Embodied Water, L/kg | 46 | |
| 110 |
Common Calculations
| Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work), MJ/m3 | 36 to 130 | |
| 110 |
| Resilience: Unit (Modulus of Resilience), kJ/m3 | 130 to 440 | |
| 770 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points | 13 | |
| 13 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points | 24 | |
| 35 |
| Strength to Weight: Axial, points | 12 to 17 | |
| 32 |
| Strength to Weight: Bending, points | 14 to 17 | |
| 32 |
| Thermal Diffusivity, mm2/s | 14 | |
| 8.5 |
| Thermal Shock Resistance, points | 11 to 15 | |
| 37 |
Alloy Composition
| Aluminum (Al), % | 0.020 to 0.060 | |
| 0 |
| Carbon (C), % | 0.13 to 0.17 | |
| 0 to 0.080 |
| Hydrogen (H), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.015 |
| Iron (Fe), % | 99.02 to 99.5 | |
| 0 to 0.3 |
| Manganese (Mn), % | 0.35 to 0.6 | |
| 0 |
| Molybdenum (Mo), % | 0 | |
| 0.2 to 0.4 |
| Nickel (Ni), % | 0 | |
| 0.6 to 0.9 |
| Nitrogen (N), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.030 |
| Oxygen (O), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.25 |
| Phosphorus (P), % | 0 to 0.025 | |
| 0 |
| Silicon (Si), % | 0 to 0.1 | |
| 0 |
| Sulfur (S), % | 0 to 0.025 | |
| 0 |
| Titanium (Ti), % | 0 | |
| 97.6 to 99.2 |
| Residuals, % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.4 |