Grade 1 Titanium vs. ASTM A232 Spring Steel
Grade 1 titanium belongs to the titanium alloys classification, while ASTM A232 spring steel belongs to the iron alloys. There are 31 material properties with values for both materials. Properties with values for just one material (1, in this case) are not shown.
For each property being compared, the top bar is grade 1 titanium and the bottom bar is ASTM A232 spring steel.
Metric UnitsUS Customary Units
Mechanical Properties
| Brinell Hardness | 120 | |
| 540 |
| Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa | 110 | |
| 190 |
| Elongation at Break, % | 28 | |
| 14 |
| Fatigue Strength, MPa | 170 | |
| 1040 |
| Poisson's Ratio | 0.32 | |
| 0.29 |
| Reduction in Area, % | 36 | |
| 46 |
| Shear Modulus, GPa | 39 | |
| 73 |
| Shear Strength, MPa | 200 | |
| 1090 |
| Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa | 310 | |
| 1790 |
| Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof), MPa | 220 | |
| 1610 |
Thermal Properties
| Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g | 420 | |
| 250 |
| Maximum Temperature: Mechanical, °C | 320 | |
| 420 |
| Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C | 1660 | |
| 1460 |
| Melting Onset (Solidus), °C | 1610 | |
| 1410 |
| Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K | 540 | |
| 470 |
| Thermal Conductivity, W/m-K | 20 | |
| 52 |
| Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K | 8.8 | |
| 13 |
Electrical Properties
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume, % IACS | 3.7 | |
| 7.3 |
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific), % IACS | 7.3 | |
| 8.4 |
Otherwise Unclassified Properties
| Base Metal Price, % relative | 37 | |
| 2.3 |
| Density, g/cm3 | 4.5 | |
| 7.8 |
| Embodied Carbon, kg CO2/kg material | 31 | |
| 2.0 |
| Embodied Energy, MJ/kg | 510 | |
| 28 |
| Embodied Water, L/kg | 110 | |
| 51 |
Common Calculations
| Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work), MJ/m3 | 79 | |
| 250 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points | 13 | |
| 13 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points | 35 | |
| 24 |
| Strength to Weight: Axial, points | 19 | |
| 64 |
| Strength to Weight: Bending, points | 23 | |
| 42 |
| Thermal Diffusivity, mm2/s | 8.2 | |
| 14 |
| Thermal Shock Resistance, points | 24 | |
| 53 |
Alloy Composition
| Carbon (C), % | 0 to 0.080 | |
| 0.48 to 0.53 |
| Chromium (Cr), % | 0 | |
| 0.8 to 1.1 |
| Hydrogen (H), % | 0 to 0.015 | |
| 0 |
| Iron (Fe), % | 0 to 0.2 | |
| 96.8 to 97.7 |
| Manganese (Mn), % | 0 | |
| 0.7 to 0.9 |
| Nitrogen (N), % | 0 to 0.030 | |
| 0 |
| Oxygen (O), % | 0 to 0.18 | |
| 0 |
| Phosphorus (P), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.020 |
| Silicon (Si), % | 0 | |
| 0.15 to 0.35 |
| Sulfur (S), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.035 |
| Titanium (Ti), % | 99.095 to 100 | |
| 0 |
| Vanadium (V), % | 0 | |
| 0.15 to 0.3 |
| Residuals, % | 0 to 0.4 | |
| 0 |