Grade 12 Titanium vs. SAE-AISI 1021 Steel
Grade 12 titanium belongs to the titanium alloys classification, while SAE-AISI 1021 steel belongs to the iron alloys.
For each property being compared, the top bar is grade 12 titanium and the bottom bar is SAE-AISI 1021 steel.
Metric UnitsUS Customary Units
Mechanical Properties
| Brinell Hardness | 170 | |
| 130 to 150 |
| Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa | 110 | |
| 190 |
| Elongation at Break, % | 21 | |
| 17 to 27 |
| Fatigue Strength, MPa | 280 | |
| 190 to 300 |
| Poisson's Ratio | 0.32 | |
| 0.29 |
| Reduction in Area, % | 28 | |
| 46 to 54 |
| Shear Modulus, GPa | 39 | |
| 73 |
| Shear Strength, MPa | 330 | |
| 310 to 320 |
| Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa | 530 | |
| 480 to 530 |
| Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof), MPa | 410 | |
| 260 to 450 |
Thermal Properties
| Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g | 420 | |
| 250 |
| Maximum Temperature: Mechanical, °C | 320 | |
| 400 |
| Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C | 1660 | |
| 1460 |
| Melting Onset (Solidus), °C | 1610 | |
| 1420 |
| Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K | 540 | |
| 470 |
| Thermal Conductivity, W/m-K | 21 | |
| 52 |
| Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K | 9.6 | |
| 12 |
Electrical Properties
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume, % IACS | 3.3 | |
| 7.0 |
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific), % IACS | 6.6 | |
| 8.0 |
Otherwise Unclassified Properties
| Base Metal Price, % relative | 37 | |
| 1.8 |
| Density, g/cm3 | 4.5 | |
| 7.9 |
| Embodied Carbon, kg CO2/kg material | 31 | |
| 1.4 |
| Embodied Energy, MJ/kg | 500 | |
| 18 |
| Embodied Water, L/kg | 110 | |
| 46 |
Common Calculations
| Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work), MJ/m3 | 110 | |
| 84 to 110 |
| Resilience: Unit (Modulus of Resilience), kJ/m3 | 770 | |
| 180 to 530 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points | 13 | |
| 13 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points | 35 | |
| 24 |
| Strength to Weight: Axial, points | 32 | |
| 17 to 19 |
| Strength to Weight: Bending, points | 32 | |
| 17 to 18 |
| Thermal Diffusivity, mm2/s | 8.5 | |
| 14 |
| Thermal Shock Resistance, points | 37 | |
| 15 to 17 |
Alloy Composition
| Carbon (C), % | 0 to 0.080 | |
| 0.18 to 0.23 |
| Hydrogen (H), % | 0 to 0.015 | |
| 0 |
| Iron (Fe), % | 0 to 0.3 | |
| 98.8 to 99.22 |
| Manganese (Mn), % | 0 | |
| 0.6 to 0.9 |
| Molybdenum (Mo), % | 0.2 to 0.4 | |
| 0 |
| Nickel (Ni), % | 0.6 to 0.9 | |
| 0 |
| Nitrogen (N), % | 0 to 0.030 | |
| 0 |
| Oxygen (O), % | 0 to 0.25 | |
| 0 |
| Phosphorus (P), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.040 |
| Sulfur (S), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.050 |
| Titanium (Ti), % | 97.6 to 99.2 | |
| 0 |
| Residuals, % | 0 to 0.4 | |
| 0 |