Grade 28 Titanium vs. ASTM A387 Grade 91 Class 2
Grade 28 titanium belongs to the titanium alloys classification, while ASTM A387 grade 91 class 2 belongs to the iron alloys. There are 30 material properties with values for both materials. Properties with values for just one material (3, in this case) are not shown.
For each property being compared, the top bar is grade 28 titanium and the bottom bar is ASTM A387 grade 91 class 2.
Metric UnitsUS Customary Units
Mechanical Properties
| Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa | 110 | |
| 190 |
| Elongation at Break, % | 11 to 17 | |
| 20 |
| Fatigue Strength, MPa | 330 to 480 | |
| 330 |
| Poisson's Ratio | 0.32 | |
| 0.28 |
| Shear Modulus, GPa | 40 | |
| 75 |
| Shear Strength, MPa | 420 to 590 | |
| 420 |
| Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa | 690 to 980 | |
| 670 |
| Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof), MPa | 540 to 810 | |
| 470 |
Thermal Properties
| Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g | 410 | |
| 270 |
| Maximum Temperature: Mechanical, °C | 330 | |
| 600 |
| Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C | 1640 | |
| 1460 |
| Melting Onset (Solidus), °C | 1590 | |
| 1420 |
| Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K | 550 | |
| 470 |
| Thermal Conductivity, W/m-K | 8.3 | |
| 26 |
| Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K | 9.9 | |
| 13 |
Electrical Properties
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume, % IACS | 1.3 | |
| 8.9 |
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific), % IACS | 2.7 | |
| 10 |
Otherwise Unclassified Properties
| Base Metal Price, % relative | 36 | |
| 7.0 |
| Density, g/cm3 | 4.5 | |
| 7.8 |
| Embodied Carbon, kg CO2/kg material | 37 | |
| 2.6 |
| Embodied Energy, MJ/kg | 600 | |
| 37 |
| Embodied Water, L/kg | 370 | |
| 88 |
Common Calculations
| Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work), MJ/m3 | 87 to 110 | |
| 120 |
| Resilience: Unit (Modulus of Resilience), kJ/m3 | 1370 to 3100 | |
| 580 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points | 13 | |
| 14 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points | 35 | |
| 25 |
| Strength to Weight: Axial, points | 43 to 61 | |
| 24 |
| Strength to Weight: Bending, points | 39 to 49 | |
| 22 |
| Thermal Diffusivity, mm2/s | 3.4 | |
| 6.9 |
| Thermal Shock Resistance, points | 47 to 66 | |
| 19 |
Alloy Composition
| Aluminum (Al), % | 2.5 to 3.5 | |
| 0 to 0.020 |
| Carbon (C), % | 0 to 0.080 | |
| 0.080 to 0.12 |
| Chromium (Cr), % | 0 | |
| 8.0 to 9.5 |
| Hydrogen (H), % | 0 to 0.015 | |
| 0 |
| Iron (Fe), % | 0 to 0.25 | |
| 87.3 to 90.3 |
| Manganese (Mn), % | 0 | |
| 0.3 to 0.6 |
| Molybdenum (Mo), % | 0 | |
| 0.85 to 1.1 |
| Nickel (Ni), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.4 |
| Niobium (Nb), % | 0 | |
| 0.060 to 0.1 |
| Nitrogen (N), % | 0 to 0.030 | |
| 0.030 to 0.070 |
| Oxygen (O), % | 0 to 0.15 | |
| 0 |
| Phosphorus (P), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.020 |
| Ruthenium (Ru), % | 0.080 to 0.14 | |
| 0 |
| Silicon (Si), % | 0 | |
| 0.2 to 0.5 |
| Sulfur (S), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.010 |
| Titanium (Ti), % | 92.4 to 95.4 | |
| 0 to 0.010 |
| Vanadium (V), % | 2.0 to 3.0 | |
| 0.18 to 0.25 |
| Zirconium (Zr), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.010 |
| Residuals, % | 0 to 0.4 | |
| 0 |