Grade 28 Titanium vs. Grade 32 Titanium
Both grade 28 titanium and grade 32 titanium are titanium alloys. They have a moderately high 95% of their average alloy composition in common.
For each property being compared, the top bar is grade 28 titanium and the bottom bar is grade 32 titanium.
Metric UnitsUS Customary Units
Mechanical Properties
| Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa | 110 | |
| 110 |
| Elongation at Break, % | 11 to 17 | |
| 11 |
| Fatigue Strength, MPa | 330 to 480 | |
| 390 |
| Poisson's Ratio | 0.32 | |
| 0.32 |
| Reduction in Area, % | 22 | |
| 28 |
| Shear Modulus, GPa | 40 | |
| 40 |
| Shear Strength, MPa | 420 to 590 | |
| 460 |
| Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa | 690 to 980 | |
| 770 |
| Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof), MPa | 540 to 810 | |
| 670 |
Thermal Properties
| Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g | 410 | |
| 410 |
| Maximum Temperature: Mechanical, °C | 330 | |
| 310 |
| Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C | 1640 | |
| 1610 |
| Melting Onset (Solidus), °C | 1590 | |
| 1560 |
| Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K | 550 | |
| 550 |
| Thermal Conductivity, W/m-K | 8.3 | |
| 7.5 |
| Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K | 9.9 | |
| 8.2 |
Electrical Properties
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume, % IACS | 1.3 | |
| 1.0 |
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific), % IACS | 2.7 | |
| 2.1 |
Otherwise Unclassified Properties
| Base Metal Price, % relative | 36 | |
| 38 |
| Density, g/cm3 | 4.5 | |
| 4.5 |
| Embodied Carbon, kg CO2/kg material | 37 | |
| 32 |
| Embodied Energy, MJ/kg | 600 | |
| 530 |
| Embodied Water, L/kg | 370 | |
| 180 |
Common Calculations
| Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work), MJ/m3 | 87 to 110 | |
| 83 |
| Resilience: Unit (Modulus of Resilience), kJ/m3 | 1370 to 3100 | |
| 2100 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points | 13 | |
| 13 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points | 35 | |
| 35 |
| Strength to Weight: Axial, points | 43 to 61 | |
| 47 |
| Strength to Weight: Bending, points | 39 to 49 | |
| 41 |
| Thermal Diffusivity, mm2/s | 3.4 | |
| 3.0 |
| Thermal Shock Resistance, points | 47 to 66 | |
| 63 |
Alloy Composition
| Aluminum (Al), % | 2.5 to 3.5 | |
| 4.5 to 5.5 |
| Carbon (C), % | 0 to 0.080 | |
| 0 to 0.080 |
| Hydrogen (H), % | 0 to 0.015 | |
| 0 to 0.015 |
| Iron (Fe), % | 0 to 0.25 | |
| 0 to 0.25 |
| Molybdenum (Mo), % | 0 | |
| 0.6 to 1.2 |
| Nitrogen (N), % | 0 to 0.030 | |
| 0 to 0.030 |
| Oxygen (O), % | 0 to 0.15 | |
| 0 to 0.11 |
| Ruthenium (Ru), % | 0.080 to 0.14 | |
| 0 |
| Silicon (Si), % | 0 | |
| 0.060 to 0.14 |
| Tin (Sn), % | 0 | |
| 0.6 to 1.4 |
| Titanium (Ti), % | 92.4 to 95.4 | |
| 88.1 to 93 |
| Vanadium (V), % | 2.0 to 3.0 | |
| 0.6 to 1.4 |
| Zirconium (Zr), % | 0 | |
| 0.6 to 1.4 |
| Residuals, % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.4 |