Grade 28 Titanium vs. SAE-AISI D4 Steel
Grade 28 titanium belongs to the titanium alloys classification, while SAE-AISI D4 steel belongs to the iron alloys. There are 28 material properties with values for both materials. Properties with values for just one material (4, in this case) are not shown.
For each property being compared, the top bar is grade 28 titanium and the bottom bar is SAE-AISI D4 steel.
Metric UnitsUS Customary Units
Mechanical Properties
| Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa | 110 | |
| 190 |
| Elongation at Break, % | 11 to 17 | |
| 8.4 to 15 |
| Fatigue Strength, MPa | 330 to 480 | |
| 310 to 920 |
| Poisson's Ratio | 0.32 | |
| 0.28 |
| Shear Modulus, GPa | 40 | |
| 74 |
| Shear Strength, MPa | 420 to 590 | |
| 460 to 1210 |
| Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa | 690 to 980 | |
| 760 to 2060 |
| Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof), MPa | 540 to 810 | |
| 470 to 1540 |
Thermal Properties
| Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g | 410 | |
| 270 |
| Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C | 1640 | |
| 1430 |
| Melting Onset (Solidus), °C | 1590 | |
| 1380 |
| Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K | 550 | |
| 480 |
| Thermal Conductivity, W/m-K | 8.3 | |
| 31 |
| Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K | 9.9 | |
| 12 |
Electrical Properties
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume, % IACS | 1.3 | |
| 4.2 |
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific), % IACS | 2.7 | |
| 5.0 |
Otherwise Unclassified Properties
| Base Metal Price, % relative | 36 | |
| 8.0 |
| Density, g/cm3 | 4.5 | |
| 7.7 |
| Embodied Carbon, kg CO2/kg material | 37 | |
| 3.3 |
| Embodied Energy, MJ/kg | 600 | |
| 49 |
| Embodied Water, L/kg | 370 | |
| 100 |
Common Calculations
| Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work), MJ/m3 | 87 to 110 | |
| 100 to 160 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points | 13 | |
| 14 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points | 35 | |
| 25 |
| Strength to Weight: Axial, points | 43 to 61 | |
| 27 to 75 |
| Strength to Weight: Bending, points | 39 to 49 | |
| 24 to 47 |
| Thermal Diffusivity, mm2/s | 3.4 | |
| 8.3 |
| Thermal Shock Resistance, points | 47 to 66 | |
| 23 to 63 |
Alloy Composition
| Aluminum (Al), % | 2.5 to 3.5 | |
| 0 |
| Carbon (C), % | 0 to 0.080 | |
| 2.1 to 2.4 |
| Chromium (Cr), % | 0 | |
| 11 to 13 |
| Copper (Cu), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.25 |
| Hydrogen (H), % | 0 to 0.015 | |
| 0 |
| Iron (Fe), % | 0 to 0.25 | |
| 80.6 to 86.3 |
| Manganese (Mn), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.6 |
| Molybdenum (Mo), % | 0 | |
| 0.7 to 1.2 |
| Nickel (Ni), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.3 |
| Nitrogen (N), % | 0 to 0.030 | |
| 0 |
| Oxygen (O), % | 0 to 0.15 | |
| 0 |
| Phosphorus (P), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.030 |
| Ruthenium (Ru), % | 0.080 to 0.14 | |
| 0 |
| Silicon (Si), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.6 |
| Sulfur (S), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.030 |
| Titanium (Ti), % | 92.4 to 95.4 | |
| 0 |
| Vanadium (V), % | 2.0 to 3.0 | |
| 0 to 1.0 |
| Residuals, % | 0 to 0.4 | |
| 0 |