Grade 28 Titanium vs. C94400 Bronze
Grade 28 titanium belongs to the titanium alloys classification, while C94400 bronze belongs to the copper alloys. There are 28 material properties with values for both materials. Properties with values for just one material (4, in this case) are not shown. Please note that the two materials have significantly dissimilar densities. This means that additional care is required when interpreting the data, because some material properties are based on units of mass, while others are based on units of area or volume.
For each property being compared, the top bar is grade 28 titanium and the bottom bar is C94400 bronze.
Metric UnitsUS Customary Units
Mechanical Properties
| Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa | 110 | |
| 100 |
| Elongation at Break, % | 11 to 17 | |
| 18 |
| Poisson's Ratio | 0.32 | |
| 0.35 |
| Shear Modulus, GPa | 40 | |
| 37 |
| Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa | 690 to 980 | |
| 220 |
| Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof), MPa | 540 to 810 | |
| 110 |
Thermal Properties
| Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g | 410 | |
| 180 |
| Maximum Temperature: Mechanical, °C | 330 | |
| 150 |
| Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C | 1640 | |
| 940 |
| Melting Onset (Solidus), °C | 1590 | |
| 790 |
| Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K | 550 | |
| 350 |
| Thermal Conductivity, W/m-K | 8.3 | |
| 52 |
| Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K | 9.9 | |
| 19 |
Electrical Properties
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume, % IACS | 1.3 | |
| 10 |
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific), % IACS | 2.7 | |
| 9.9 |
Otherwise Unclassified Properties
| Base Metal Price, % relative | 36 | |
| 32 |
| Density, g/cm3 | 4.5 | |
| 9.1 |
| Embodied Carbon, kg CO2/kg material | 37 | |
| 3.4 |
| Embodied Energy, MJ/kg | 600 | |
| 54 |
| Embodied Water, L/kg | 370 | |
| 390 |
Common Calculations
| Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work), MJ/m3 | 87 to 110 | |
| 33 |
| Resilience: Unit (Modulus of Resilience), kJ/m3 | 1370 to 3100 | |
| 60 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points | 13 | |
| 6.1 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points | 35 | |
| 17 |
| Strength to Weight: Axial, points | 43 to 61 | |
| 6.8 |
| Strength to Weight: Bending, points | 39 to 49 | |
| 9.0 |
| Thermal Diffusivity, mm2/s | 3.4 | |
| 17 |
| Thermal Shock Resistance, points | 47 to 66 | |
| 8.3 |
Alloy Composition
| Aluminum (Al), % | 2.5 to 3.5 | |
| 0 to 0.0050 |
| Antimony (Sb), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.8 |
| Carbon (C), % | 0 to 0.080 | |
| 0 |
| Copper (Cu), % | 0 | |
| 76.1 to 84 |
| Hydrogen (H), % | 0 to 0.015 | |
| 0 |
| Iron (Fe), % | 0 to 0.25 | |
| 0 to 0.15 |
| Lead (Pb), % | 0 | |
| 9.0 to 12 |
| Nickel (Ni), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 1.0 |
| Nitrogen (N), % | 0 to 0.030 | |
| 0 |
| Oxygen (O), % | 0 to 0.15 | |
| 0 |
| Phosphorus (P), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.050 |
| Ruthenium (Ru), % | 0.080 to 0.14 | |
| 0 |
| Silicon (Si), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.0050 |
| Sulfur (S), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.080 |
| Tin (Sn), % | 0 | |
| 7.0 to 9.0 |
| Titanium (Ti), % | 92.4 to 95.4 | |
| 0 |
| Vanadium (V), % | 2.0 to 3.0 | |
| 0 |
| Zinc (Zn), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.8 |
| Residuals, % | 0 to 0.4 | |
| 0 |