Grade VDC Steel vs. Type 2 Pewter

Grade VDC steel belongs to the iron alloys classification, while Type 2 pewter belongs to the otherwise unclassified metals. There are 20 material properties with values for both materials. Properties with values for just one material (6, in this case) are not shown.

For each property being compared, the top bar is grade VDC steel and the bottom bar is Type 2 pewter.

Grade VDC Spring Steel Type 2 (L13912) Sheet Pewter

Metric UnitsUS Customary Units

Mechanical Properties

Brinell Hardness		510
Brinell Hardness		13 to 23

Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa		190
Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa		52

Poisson's Ratio		0.29
Poisson's Ratio		0.35

Shear Modulus, GPa		80
Shear Modulus, GPa		19

Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa		1700
Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa		52 to 68

Thermal Properties

Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g		250
Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g		69

Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C		1450
Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C		300

Melting Onset (Solidus), °C		1410
Melting Onset (Solidus), °C		240

Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K		470
Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K		220

Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K		13
Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K		21

Otherwise Unclassified Properties

Base Metal Price, % relative		1.9
Base Metal Price, % relative		75

Density, g/cm³		7.8
Density, g/cm³		7.3

Embodied Carbon, kg CO₂/kg material		1.4
Embodied Carbon, kg CO₂/kg material		12

Embodied Energy, MJ/kg		19
Embodied Energy, MJ/kg		210

Embodied Water, L/kg		47
Embodied Water, L/kg		1220

Common Calculations

Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points		13
Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points		3.9

Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points		24
Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points		17

Strength to Weight: Axial, points		60
Strength to Weight: Axial, points		2.0 to 2.6

Strength to Weight: Bending, points		40
Strength to Weight: Bending, points		4.3 to 5.1

Thermal Shock Resistance, points		50
Thermal Shock Resistance, points		3.4 to 4.4

Alloy Composition

Antimony (Sb), %		0
Antimony (Sb), %		5.0 to 7.5

Arsenic (As), %		0
Arsenic (As), %		0 to 0.050

Carbon (C), %		0.6 to 0.75
Carbon (C), %		0

Chromium (Cr), %		0 to 0.3
Chromium (Cr), %		0

Copper (Cu), %		0 to 0.060
Copper (Cu), %		1.5 to 3.0

Iron (Fe), %		98.3 to 99.35
Iron (Fe), %		0 to 0.015

Lead (Pb), %		0
Lead (Pb), %		0 to 0.050

Manganese (Mn), %		0.5 to 1.0
Manganese (Mn), %		0

Phosphorus (P), %		0 to 0.020
Phosphorus (P), %		0

Silicon (Si), %		0.15 to 0.3
Silicon (Si), %		0

Sulfur (S), %		0 to 0.020
Sulfur (S), %		0

Tin (Sn), %		0
Tin (Sn), %		90 to 93

Zinc (Zn), %		0
Zinc (Zn), %		0 to 0.0050