SAE-AISI 1021 Steel vs. Grade 12 Titanium
SAE-AISI 1021 steel belongs to the iron alloys classification, while grade 12 titanium belongs to the titanium alloys.
For each property being compared, the top bar is SAE-AISI 1021 steel and the bottom bar is grade 12 titanium.
Metric UnitsUS Customary Units
Mechanical Properties
| Brinell Hardness | 130 to 150 | |
| 170 |
| Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa | 190 | |
| 110 |
| Elongation at Break, % | 17 to 27 | |
| 21 |
| Fatigue Strength, MPa | 190 to 300 | |
| 280 |
| Poisson's Ratio | 0.29 | |
| 0.32 |
| Reduction in Area, % | 46 to 54 | |
| 28 |
| Shear Modulus, GPa | 73 | |
| 39 |
| Shear Strength, MPa | 310 to 320 | |
| 330 |
| Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa | 480 to 530 | |
| 530 |
| Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof), MPa | 260 to 450 | |
| 410 |
Thermal Properties
| Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g | 250 | |
| 420 |
| Maximum Temperature: Mechanical, °C | 400 | |
| 320 |
| Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C | 1460 | |
| 1660 |
| Melting Onset (Solidus), °C | 1420 | |
| 1610 |
| Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K | 470 | |
| 540 |
| Thermal Conductivity, W/m-K | 52 | |
| 21 |
| Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K | 12 | |
| 9.6 |
Electrical Properties
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume, % IACS | 7.0 | |
| 3.3 |
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific), % IACS | 8.0 | |
| 6.6 |
Otherwise Unclassified Properties
| Base Metal Price, % relative | 1.8 | |
| 37 |
| Density, g/cm3 | 7.9 | |
| 4.5 |
| Embodied Carbon, kg CO2/kg material | 1.4 | |
| 31 |
| Embodied Energy, MJ/kg | 18 | |
| 500 |
| Embodied Water, L/kg | 46 | |
| 110 |
Common Calculations
| Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work), MJ/m3 | 84 to 110 | |
| 110 |
| Resilience: Unit (Modulus of Resilience), kJ/m3 | 180 to 530 | |
| 770 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points | 13 | |
| 13 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points | 24 | |
| 35 |
| Strength to Weight: Axial, points | 17 to 19 | |
| 32 |
| Strength to Weight: Bending, points | 17 to 18 | |
| 32 |
| Thermal Diffusivity, mm2/s | 14 | |
| 8.5 |
| Thermal Shock Resistance, points | 15 to 17 | |
| 37 |
Alloy Composition
| Carbon (C), % | 0.18 to 0.23 | |
| 0 to 0.080 |
| Hydrogen (H), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.015 |
| Iron (Fe), % | 98.8 to 99.22 | |
| 0 to 0.3 |
| Manganese (Mn), % | 0.6 to 0.9 | |
| 0 |
| Molybdenum (Mo), % | 0 | |
| 0.2 to 0.4 |
| Nickel (Ni), % | 0 | |
| 0.6 to 0.9 |
| Nitrogen (N), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.030 |
| Oxygen (O), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.25 |
| Phosphorus (P), % | 0 to 0.040 | |
| 0 |
| Sulfur (S), % | 0 to 0.050 | |
| 0 |
| Titanium (Ti), % | 0 | |
| 97.6 to 99.2 |
| Residuals, % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.4 |