SAE-AISI 4028 Steel vs. Grade 16 Titanium
SAE-AISI 4028 steel belongs to the iron alloys classification, while grade 16 titanium belongs to the titanium alloys. There are 29 material properties with values for both materials. Properties with values for just one material (3, in this case) are not shown.
For each property being compared, the top bar is SAE-AISI 4028 steel and the bottom bar is grade 16 titanium.
Metric UnitsUS Customary Units
Mechanical Properties
Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa | 190 | |
110 |
Elongation at Break, % | 14 to 23 | |
23 |
Fatigue Strength, MPa | 180 to 330 | |
240 |
Poisson's Ratio | 0.29 | |
0.32 |
Shear Modulus, GPa | 73 | |
38 |
Shear Strength, MPa | 310 to 380 | |
250 |
Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa | 490 to 630 | |
400 |
Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof), MPa | 260 to 520 | |
340 |
Thermal Properties
Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g | 250 | |
420 |
Maximum Temperature: Mechanical, °C | 400 | |
320 |
Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C | 1460 | |
1660 |
Melting Onset (Solidus), °C | 1420 | |
1610 |
Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K | 470 | |
540 |
Thermal Conductivity, W/m-K | 49 | |
22 |
Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K | 12 | |
9.2 |
Electrical Properties
Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume, % IACS | 7.1 | |
3.6 |
Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific), % IACS | 8.1 | |
7.2 |
Otherwise Unclassified Properties
Density, g/cm3 | 7.8 | |
4.5 |
Embodied Carbon, kg CO2/kg material | 1.5 | |
36 |
Embodied Energy, MJ/kg | 19 | |
600 |
Embodied Water, L/kg | 47 | |
230 |
Common Calculations
Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work), MJ/m3 | 81 to 95 | |
86 |
Resilience: Unit (Modulus of Resilience), kJ/m3 | 180 to 720 | |
550 |
Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points | 13 | |
13 |
Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points | 24 | |
35 |
Strength to Weight: Axial, points | 17 to 22 | |
25 |
Strength to Weight: Bending, points | 18 to 21 | |
27 |
Thermal Diffusivity, mm2/s | 13 | |
8.9 |
Thermal Shock Resistance, points | 16 to 20 | |
29 |
Alloy Composition
Carbon (C), % | 0.25 to 0.3 | |
0 to 0.080 |
Hydrogen (H), % | 0 | |
0 to 0.015 |
Iron (Fe), % | 98.1 to 98.7 | |
0 to 0.3 |
Manganese (Mn), % | 0.7 to 0.9 | |
0 |
Molybdenum (Mo), % | 0.2 to 0.3 | |
0 |
Nitrogen (N), % | 0 | |
0 to 0.030 |
Oxygen (O), % | 0 | |
0 to 0.25 |
Palladium (Pd), % | 0 | |
0.040 to 0.080 |
Phosphorus (P), % | 0 to 0.035 | |
0 |
Silicon (Si), % | 0.15 to 0.35 | |
0 |
Sulfur (S), % | 0.035 to 0.050 | |
0 |
Titanium (Ti), % | 0 | |
98.8 to 99.96 |
Residuals, % | 0 | |
0 to 0.4 |