Annealed (+A) 1.7233 Steel
EN 1.7233 +A steel is EN 1.7233 steel in the annealed condition. It has the lowest strength compared to the other variants of EN 1.7233 steel. The graph bars on the material properties cards below compare EN 1.7233 +A steel to: EN wrought alloy steels (top), all iron alloys (middle), and the entire database (bottom). A full bar means this is the highest value in the relevant set. A half-full bar means it's 50% of the highest, and so on.
Mechanical Properties
Brinell Hardness
210
Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus
190 GPa 27 x 106 psi
Elongation at Break
23 %
Fatigue Strength
270 MPa 39 x 103 psi
Poisson's Ratio
0.29
Shear Modulus
73 GPa 11 x 106 psi
Shear Strength
450 MPa 65 x 103 psi
Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS)
700 MPa 100 x 103 psi
Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof)
380 MPa 55 x 103 psi
Thermal Properties
Latent Heat of Fusion
250 J/g
Maximum Temperature: Mechanical
430 °C 810 °F
Melting Completion (Liquidus)
1460 °C 2660 °F
Melting Onset (Solidus)
1420 °C 2590 °F
Specific Heat Capacity
470 J/kg-K 0.11 BTU/lb-°F
Thermal Conductivity
39 W/m-K 22 BTU/h-ft-°F
Thermal Expansion
13 µm/m-K
Electrical Properties
Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume
7.4 % IACS
Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific)
8.5 % IACS
Otherwise Unclassified Properties
Base Metal Price
3.0 % relative
Density
7.8 g/cm3 490 lb/ft3
Embodied Carbon
1.6 kg CO2/kg material
Embodied Energy
21 MJ/kg 9.1 x 103 BTU/lb
Embodied Water
53 L/kg 6.3 gal/lb
Common Calculations
PREN (Pitting Resistance)
3.3
Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work)
130 MJ/m3
Resilience: Unit (Modulus of Resilience)
380 kJ/m3
Stiffness to Weight: Axial
13 points
Stiffness to Weight: Bending
24 points
Strength to Weight: Axial
25 points
Strength to Weight: Bending
22 points
Thermal Diffusivity
11 mm2/s
Thermal Shock Resistance
21 points
Alloy Composition
| Fe | 96.2 to 97.5 | |
| Cr | 1.2 to 1.5 | |
| Mo | 0.5 to 0.7 | |
| Mn | 0.4 to 0.7 | |
| C | 0.39 to 0.45 | |
| Si | 0 to 0.4 | |
| S | 0 to 0.035 | |
| P | 0 to 0.025 |
All values are % weight. Ranges represent what is permitted under applicable standards.
Followup Questions
Further Reading
EN 10269: Steels and nickel alloys for fasteners with specified elevated and/or low temperature properties
Creep-Resistant Steels, Fujio Abe et al. (editors), 2008
Microstructure of Steels and Cast Irons, Madeleine Durand-Charre, 2004
Manufacture and Uses of Alloy Steels, Henry D. Hibbard, 2005
Ferrous Materials: Steel and Cast Iron, Hans Berns and Werner Theisen, 2008
Steels: Processing, Structure, and Performance, 2nd ed., George Krauss, 2015