Annealed S1 Tool Steel
Annealed SAE-AISI S1 is SAE-AISI S1 steel in the annealed condition. The graph bars on the material properties cards below compare annealed SAE-AISI S1 to: tool steels (top), all iron alloys (middle), and the entire database (bottom). A full bar means this is the highest value in the relevant set. A half-full bar means it's 50% of the highest, and so on.
Mechanical Properties
Brinell Hardness
210
Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus
190 GPa 27 x 106 psi
Elongation at Break
19 %
Fatigue Strength
270 MPa 39 x 103 psi
Poisson's Ratio
0.29
Rockwell B Hardness
96
Shear Modulus
73 GPa 11 x 106 psi
Shear Strength
430 MPa 62 x 103 psi
Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS)
690 MPa 100 x 103 psi
Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof)
390 MPa 57 x 103 psi
Thermal Properties
Latent Heat of Fusion
260 J/g
Melting Completion (Liquidus)
1500 °C 2730 °F
Melting Onset (Solidus)
1450 °C 2650 °F
Specific Heat Capacity
470 J/kg-K 0.11 BTU/lb-°F
Thermal Conductivity
41 W/m-K 24 BTU/h-ft-°F
Thermal Expansion
12 µm/m-K
Electrical Properties
Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume
7.7 % IACS
Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific)
8.7 % IACS
Otherwise Unclassified Properties
Base Metal Price
8.0 % relative
Density
8.0 g/cm3 500 lb/ft3
Embodied Carbon
2.6 kg CO2/kg material
Embodied Energy
37 MJ/kg 16 x 103 BTU/lb
Embodied Water
56 L/kg 6.7 gal/lb
Common Calculations
PREN (Pitting Resistance)
5.9
Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work)
110 MJ/m3
Resilience: Unit (Modulus of Resilience)
400 kJ/m3
Stiffness to Weight: Axial
13 points
Stiffness to Weight: Bending
24 points
Strength to Weight: Axial
24 points
Strength to Weight: Bending
22 points
Thermal Diffusivity
11 mm2/s
Thermal Shock Resistance
21 points
Alloy Composition
| Fe | 91.6 to 96.7 | |
| W | 1.5 to 3.0 | |
| Cr | 1.0 to 1.8 | |
| Si | 0.15 to 1.2 | |
| C | 0.4 to 0.55 | |
| Mn | 0.1 to 0.4 | |
| Mo | 0 to 0.5 | |
| V | 0.15 to 0.3 | |
| Ni | 0 to 0.3 | |
| Cu | 0 to 0.25 | |
| P | 0 to 0.030 | |
| S | 0 to 0.030 |
All values are % weight. Ranges represent what is permitted under applicable standards.
Followup Questions
Further Reading
SAE J437: Selection and Heat Treatment of Tool and Die Steels
ASTM A681: Standard Specification for Tool Steels Alloy
Tool Steels, 5th ed., George Roberts et al., 1998
Tool Steels: Properties and Performance, Rafael A. Mesquita (editor), 2016
ASM Specialty Handbook: Carbon and Alloy Steels, J. R. Davis (editor), 1996
CRC Materials Science and Engineering Handbook, 4th ed., James F. Shackelford et al. (editors), 2015