Full-Hard (H04) C31600 Bronze
H04 C31600 bronze is C31600 bronze in the H04 (full hard) temper. It has the highest strength and lowest ductility compared to the other variants of C31600 bronze. The graph bars on the material properties cards below compare H04 C31600 bronze to: wrought bronzes (top), all copper alloys (middle), and the entire database (bottom). A full bar means this is the highest value in the relevant set. A half-full bar means it's 50% of the highest, and so on.
Mechanical Properties
Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus
110 GPa 16 x 106 psi
Elongation at Break
6.7 %
Poisson's Ratio
0.33
Shear Modulus
42 GPa 6.1 x 106 psi
Shear Strength
270 MPa 39 x 103 psi
Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS)
460 MPa 67 x 103 psi
Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof)
390 MPa 57 x 103 psi
Thermal Properties
Latent Heat of Fusion
200 J/g
Maximum Temperature: Mechanical
180 °C 360 °F
Melting Completion (Liquidus)
1040 °C 1900 °F
Melting Onset (Solidus)
1010 °C 1850 °F
Specific Heat Capacity
380 J/kg-K 0.091 BTU/lb-°F
Thermal Conductivity
140 W/m-K 81 BTU/h-ft-°F
Thermal Expansion
18 µm/m-K
Electrical Properties
Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume
32 % IACS
Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific)
33 % IACS
Otherwise Unclassified Properties
Base Metal Price
29 % relative
Density
8.8 g/cm3 550 lb/ft3
Embodied Carbon
2.7 kg CO2/kg material
Embodied Energy
43 MJ/kg 18 x 103 BTU/lb
Embodied Water
310 L/kg 37 gal/lb
Common Calculations
Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work)
30 MJ/m3
Resilience: Unit (Modulus of Resilience)
690 kJ/m3
Stiffness to Weight: Axial
7.1 points
Stiffness to Weight: Bending
18 points
Strength to Weight: Axial
15 points
Strength to Weight: Bending
15 points
Thermal Diffusivity
42 mm2/s
Thermal Shock Resistance
16 points
Alloy Composition
| Cu | 87.5 to 90.5 | |
| Zn | 5.2 to 10.5 | |
| Pb | 1.3 to 2.5 | |
| Ni | 0.7 to 1.2 | |
| P | 0.040 to 0.1 | |
| Fe | 0 to 0.1 | |
| res. | 0 to 0.4 |
All values are % weight. Ranges represent what is permitted under applicable standards.
Followup Questions
Further Reading
ASTM B140: Standard Specification for Copper-Zinc-Lead (Red Brass or Hardware Bronze) Rod, Bar, and Shapes
ASM Specialty Handbook: Copper and Copper Alloys, J. R. Davis (editor), 2001
CRC Materials Science and Engineering Handbook, 4th ed., James F. Shackelford et al. (editors), 2015