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Hardened D3 Tool Steel

Hardened SAE-AISI D3 is SAE-AISI D3 steel in the hardened (H) condition. The graph bars on the material properties cards below compare hardened SAE-AISI D3 to: tool steels (top), all iron alloys (middle), and the entire database (bottom). A full bar means this is the highest value in the relevant set. A half-full bar means it's 50% of the highest, and so on.

Mechanical Properties

Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus

190 GPa 28 x 106 psi

Elongation at Break

9.8 %

Fatigue Strength

940 MPa 140 x 103 psi

Poisson's Ratio

0.28

Rockwell C Hardness

63

Shear Modulus

74 GPa 11 x 106 psi

Shear Strength

1220 MPa 180 x 103 psi

Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS)

2050 MPa 300 x 103 psi

Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof)

1550 MPa 230 x 103 psi

Thermal Properties

Latent Heat of Fusion

270 J/g

Melting Completion (Liquidus)

1430 °C 2600 °F

Melting Onset (Solidus)

1390 °C 2530 °F

Specific Heat Capacity

480 J/kg-K 0.11 BTU/lb-°F

Thermal Conductivity

31 W/m-K 18 BTU/h-ft-°F

Thermal Expansion

12 µm/m-K

Electrical Properties

Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume

3.0 % IACS

Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific)

3.5 % IACS

Otherwise Unclassified Properties

Base Metal Price

8.0 % relative

Density

7.7 g/cm3 480 lb/ft3

Embodied Carbon

3.2 kg CO2/kg material

Embodied Energy

48 MJ/kg 21 x 103 BTU/lb

Embodied Water

100 L/kg 12 gal/lb

Common Calculations

PREN (Pitting Resistance)

13

Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work)

180 MJ/m3

Stiffness to Weight: Axial

14 points

Stiffness to Weight: Bending

25 points

Strength to Weight: Axial

74 points

Strength to Weight: Bending

47 points

Thermal Diffusivity

8.3 mm2/s

Thermal Shock Resistance

63 points

Alloy Composition

Iron (Fe)Fe 80.3 to 87
Chromium (Cr)Cr 11 to 13.5
Carbon (C)C 2.0 to 2.4
Tungsten (W)W 0 to 1.0
Vanadium (V)V 0 to 1.0
Manganese (Mn)Mn 0 to 0.6
Silicon (Si)Si 0 to 0.6
Nickel (Ni)Ni 0 to 0.3
Copper (Cu)Cu 0 to 0.25
Phosphorus (P)P 0 to 0.030
Sulfur (S)S 0 to 0.030

All values are % weight. Ranges represent what is permitted under applicable standards.

Followup Questions

How are the material properties defined?How do I compare this exact variant to another material?

Further Reading

SAE J437: Selection and Heat Treatment of Tool and Die Steels

ASTM A681: Standard Specification for Tool Steels Alloy

Tool Steels, 5th ed., George Roberts et al., 1998

Tool Steels: Properties and Performance, Rafael A. Mesquita (editor), 2016

ASM Specialty Handbook: Carbon and Alloy Steels, J. R. Davis (editor), 1996