Tempered (T) 431 Stainless Steel
Tempered AISI 431 is AISI 431 stainless steel in the tempered (T) condition. The graph bars on the material properties cards below compare tempered AISI 431 to: wrought martensitic stainless steels (top), all iron alloys (middle), and the entire database (bottom). A full bar means this is the highest value in the relevant set. A half-full bar means it's 50% of the highest, and so on.
Mechanical Properties
Brinell Hardness
250
Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus
200 GPa 28 x 106 psi
Elongation at Break
17 %
Fatigue Strength
430 MPa 62 x 103 psi
Poisson's Ratio
0.28
Reduction in Area
51 %
Rockwell C Hardness
26
Shear Modulus
77 GPa 11 x 106 psi
Shear Strength
550 MPa 80 x 103 psi
Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS)
890 MPa 130 x 103 psi
Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof)
710 MPa 100 x 103 psi
Thermal Properties
Latent Heat of Fusion
280 J/g
Maximum Temperature: Corrosion
400 °C 760 °F
Maximum Temperature: Mechanical
850 °C 1550 °F
Melting Completion (Liquidus)
1510 °C 2750 °F
Melting Onset (Solidus)
1450 °C 2640 °F
Specific Heat Capacity
480 J/kg-K 0.11 BTU/lb-°F
Thermal Conductivity
26 W/m-K 15 BTU/h-ft-°F
Thermal Expansion
12 µm/m-K
Electrical Properties
Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume
2.6 % IACS
Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific)
3.0 % IACS
Otherwise Unclassified Properties
Base Metal Price
9.0 % relative
Density
7.7 g/cm3 480 lb/ft3
Embodied Carbon
2.2 kg CO2/kg material
Embodied Energy
31 MJ/kg 13 x 103 BTU/lb
Embodied Water
120 L/kg 14 gal/lb
Common Calculations
PREN (Pitting Resistance)
16
Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work)
140 MJ/m3
Resilience: Unit (Modulus of Resilience)
1270 kJ/m3
Stiffness to Weight: Axial
14 points
Stiffness to Weight: Bending
25 points
Strength to Weight: Axial
32 points
Strength to Weight: Bending
27 points
Thermal Diffusivity
7.0 mm2/s
Thermal Shock Resistance
28 points
Alloy Composition
| Fe | 78.2 to 83.8 | |
| Cr | 15 to 17 | |
| Ni | 1.3 to 2.5 | |
| Mn | 0 to 1.0 | |
| Si | 0 to 1.0 | |
| C | 0 to 0.2 | |
| P | 0 to 0.040 | |
| S | 0 to 0.030 |
All values are % weight. Ranges represent what is permitted under applicable standards.
Followup Questions
Further Reading
ASTM A176: Standard Specification for Stainless and Heat-Resisting Chromium Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip
ASTM A473: Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Forgings
ASTM A479: Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Bars and Shapes for Use in Boilers and Other Pressure Vessels
ASTM A276: Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Bars and Shapes
Creep-Resistant Steels, Fujio Abe et al. (editors), 2008
Advanced Materials in Automotive Engineering, Jason Rowe (editor), 2012
ASTM A959: Standard Guide for Specifying Harmonized Standard Grade Compositions for Wrought Stainless Steels
Pressure Vessels: External Pressure Technology, 2nd ed., Carl T. F. Ross, 2011
Corrosion of Stainless Steels, A. John Sedriks, 1996
ASM Specialty Handbook: Stainless Steels, J. R. Davis (editor), 1994