ASTM A182 Grade F23 vs. ASTM A182 Grade F12 Class 2
Both ASTM A182 grade F23 and ASTM A182 grade F12 class 2 are iron alloys. They have a very high 97% of their average alloy composition in common.
For each property being compared, the top bar is ASTM A182 grade F23 and the bottom bar is ASTM A182 grade F12 class 2.
Metric UnitsUS Customary Units
Mechanical Properties
| Brinell Hardness | 190 | |
| 180 |
| Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa | 190 | |
| 190 |
| Elongation at Break, % | 22 | |
| 22 |
| Fatigue Strength, MPa | 320 | |
| 220 |
| Poisson's Ratio | 0.29 | |
| 0.29 |
| Reduction in Area, % | 46 | |
| 34 |
| Shear Modulus, GPa | 74 | |
| 73 |
| Shear Strength, MPa | 360 | |
| 340 |
| Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa | 570 | |
| 540 |
| Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof), MPa | 460 | |
| 310 |
Thermal Properties
| Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g | 250 | |
| 250 |
| Maximum Temperature: Mechanical, °C | 450 | |
| 430 |
| Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C | 1500 | |
| 1460 |
| Melting Onset (Solidus), °C | 1450 | |
| 1420 |
| Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K | 470 | |
| 470 |
| Thermal Conductivity, W/m-K | 41 | |
| 43 |
| Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K | 13 | |
| 13 |
Electrical Properties
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume, % IACS | 7.8 | |
| 7.3 |
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific), % IACS | 8.9 | |
| 8.4 |
Otherwise Unclassified Properties
| Base Metal Price, % relative | 7.0 | |
| 2.8 |
| Density, g/cm3 | 8.0 | |
| 7.8 |
| Embodied Carbon, kg CO2/kg material | 2.5 | |
| 1.6 |
| Embodied Energy, MJ/kg | 36 | |
| 21 |
| Embodied Water, L/kg | 59 | |
| 52 |
Common Calculations
| PREN (Pitting Resistance) | 5.7 | |
| 2.8 |
| Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work), MJ/m3 | 120 | |
| 100 |
| Resilience: Unit (Modulus of Resilience), kJ/m3 | 550 | |
| 260 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points | 13 | |
| 13 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points | 24 | |
| 24 |
| Strength to Weight: Axial, points | 20 | |
| 19 |
| Strength to Weight: Bending, points | 19 | |
| 19 |
| Thermal Diffusivity, mm2/s | 11 | |
| 12 |
| Thermal Shock Resistance, points | 17 | |
| 16 |
Alloy Composition
| Aluminum (Al), % | 0 to 0.030 | |
| 0 |
| Boron (B), % | 0.0010 to 0.0060 | |
| 0 |
| Carbon (C), % | 0.040 to 0.1 | |
| 0.1 to 0.2 |
| Chromium (Cr), % | 1.9 to 2.6 | |
| 0.8 to 1.3 |
| Iron (Fe), % | 93.2 to 96.2 | |
| 96.4 to 98.3 |
| Manganese (Mn), % | 0.1 to 0.6 | |
| 0.3 to 0.8 |
| Molybdenum (Mo), % | 0.050 to 0.3 | |
| 0.44 to 0.65 |
| Nickel (Ni), % | 0 to 0.4 | |
| 0 |
| Niobium (Nb), % | 0.020 to 0.080 | |
| 0 |
| Nitrogen (N), % | 0 to 0.015 | |
| 0 |
| Phosphorus (P), % | 0 to 0.030 | |
| 0 to 0.040 |
| Silicon (Si), % | 0 to 0.5 | |
| 0.1 to 0.6 |
| Sulfur (S), % | 0 to 0.010 | |
| 0 to 0.040 |
| Titanium (Ti), % | 0.0050 to 0.060 | |
| 0 |
| Tungsten (W), % | 1.5 to 1.8 | |
| 0 |
| Vanadium (V), % | 0.2 to 0.3 | |
| 0 |