AISI 416 (S41600) Stainless Steel
AISI 416 stainless steel is a martensitic stainless steel formulated for primary forming into wrought products. 416 is the AISI designation for this material. S41600 is the UNS number.
It can have the highest ductility and has a moderately low embodied energy among wrought martensitic stainless steels.
The properties of AISI 416 stainless steel include two common variations. This page shows summary ranges across both of them. For more specific values, follow the links immediately below. The graph bars on the material properties cards further below compare AISI 416 stainless steel to: wrought martensitic stainless steels (top), all iron alloys (middle), and the entire database (bottom). A full bar means this is the highest value in the relevant set. A half-full bar means it's 50% of the highest, and so on.
Mechanical Properties
Brinell Hardness
230 to 320
Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus
190 GPa 28 x 106 psi
Elongation at Break
13 to 31 %
Fatigue Strength
230 to 340 MPa 33 to 50 x 103 psi
Poisson's Ratio
0.28
Shear Modulus
76 GPa 11 x 106 psi
Shear Strength
340 to 480 MPa 49 to 70 x 103 psi
Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS)
510 to 800 MPa 75 to 120 x 103 psi
Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof)
290 to 600 MPa 43 to 87 x 103 psi
Thermal Properties
Latent Heat of Fusion
270 J/g
Maximum Temperature: Corrosion
390 °C 740 °F
Maximum Temperature: Mechanical
680 °C 1250 °F
Melting Completion (Liquidus)
1530 °C 2790 °F
Melting Onset (Solidus)
1480 °C 2700 °F
Specific Heat Capacity
480 J/kg-K 0.11 BTU/lb-°F
Thermal Conductivity
30 W/m-K 17 BTU/h-ft-°F
Thermal Expansion
9.9 µm/m-K
Electrical Properties
Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume
2.9 % IACS
Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific)
3.3 % IACS
Otherwise Unclassified Properties
Base Metal Price
7.0 % relative
Density
7.7 g/cm3 480 lb/ft3
Embodied Carbon
1.9 kg CO2/kg material
Embodied Energy
27 MJ/kg 12 x 103 BTU/lb
Embodied Water
100 L/kg 12 gal/lb
Common Calculations
PREN (Pitting Resistance)
13
Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work)
98 to 140 MJ/m3
Resilience: Unit (Modulus of Resilience)
220 to 940 kJ/m3
Stiffness to Weight: Axial
14 points
Stiffness to Weight: Bending
25 points
Strength to Weight: Axial
18 to 29 points
Strength to Weight: Bending
18 to 25 points
Thermal Diffusivity
8.1 mm2/s
Thermal Shock Resistance
19 to 30 points
Alloy Composition
Among wrought stainless steels, the composition of AISI 416 stainless steel is notable for containing comparatively high amounts of chromium (Cr) and manganese (Mn). Chromium is the defining alloying element of stainless steel. Higher chromium content imparts additional corrosion resistance. Manganese is used to improve ductility at elevated temperatures. It also permits a higher nitrogen content than would otherwise be possible.
| Fe | 83.2 to 87.9 | |
| Cr | 12 to 14 | |
| Mn | 0 to 1.3 | |
| Si | 0 to 1.0 | |
| S | 0.15 to 0.35 | |
| C | 0 to 0.15 | |
| P | 0 to 0.060 |
All values are % weight. Ranges represent what is permitted under applicable standards.
Followup Questions
Similar Alloys
Further Reading
ASTM A895: Standard Specification for Free-Machining Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip
ASTM A473: Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Forgings
ASTM A276: Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Bars and Shapes
Welding Metallurgy and Weldability of Stainless Steels, John C. Lippold and Damian J. Kotecki, 2005
Advanced Materials in Automotive Engineering, Jason Rowe (editor), 2012
ASTM A959: Standard Guide for Specifying Harmonized Standard Grade Compositions for Wrought Stainless Steels
Corrosion of Stainless Steels, A. John Sedriks, 1996
ASM Specialty Handbook: Stainless Steels, J. R. Davis (editor), 1994
Advances in Stainless Steels, Baldev Raj et al. (editors), 2010