Annealed T1 Tool Steel
Annealed SAE-AISI T1 is SAE-AISI T1 steel in the annealed condition. The graph bars on the material properties cards below compare annealed SAE-AISI T1 to: tool steels (top), all iron alloys (middle), and the entire database (bottom). A full bar means this is the highest value in the relevant set. A half-full bar means it's 50% of the highest, and so on.
Mechanical Properties
Brinell Hardness
230
Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus
200 GPa 30 x 106 psi
Poisson's Ratio
0.29
Rockwell B Hardness
99
Shear Modulus
80 GPa 12 x 106 psi
Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS)
770 MPa 110 x 103 psi
Thermal Properties
Latent Heat of Fusion
240 J/g
Melting Completion (Liquidus)
1810 °C 3280 °F
Melting Onset (Solidus)
1750 °C 3180 °F
Specific Heat Capacity
410 J/kg-K 0.1 BTU/lb-°F
Thermal Conductivity
20 W/m-K 12 BTU/h-ft-°F
Thermal Expansion
12 µm/m-K
Otherwise Unclassified Properties
Base Metal Price
45 % relative
Density
9.3 g/cm3 580 lb/ft3
Embodied Carbon
8.2 kg CO2/kg material
Embodied Energy
130 MJ/kg 54 x 103 BTU/lb
Embodied Water
90 L/kg 11 gal/lb
Common Calculations
PREN (Pitting Resistance)
34
Stiffness to Weight: Axial
12 points
Stiffness to Weight: Bending
21 points
Strength to Weight: Axial
23 points
Strength to Weight: Bending
20 points
Thermal Diffusivity
5.2 mm2/s
Thermal Shock Resistance
23 points
Alloy Composition
| Fe | 73.2 to 77.2 | |
| W | 17.3 to 18.8 | |
| Cr | 3.8 to 4.5 | |
| V | 0.9 to 1.3 | |
| C | 0.65 to 0.8 | |
| Si | 0.2 to 0.4 | |
| Mn | 0.1 to 0.4 | |
| Ni | 0 to 0.3 | |
| Cu | 0 to 0.25 | |
| P | 0 to 0.030 | |
| S | 0 to 0.030 |
All values are % weight. Ranges represent what is permitted under applicable standards.
Followup Questions
Further Reading
SAE J437: Selection and Heat Treatment of Tool and Die Steels
ASTM A600: Standard Specification for Tool Steel High Speed
Tool Steels, 5th ed., George Roberts et al., 1998
Tool Steels: Properties and Performance, Rafael A. Mesquita (editor), 2016
ASM Specialty Handbook: Carbon and Alloy Steels, J. R. Davis (editor), 1996