EN 1.0345 (P235GH) Non-Alloy Steel
EN 1.0345 steel is a carbon (non-alloy) steel formulated for primary forming into wrought products. Cited properties are appropriate for the normalized condition. 1.0345 is the EN numeric designation for this material. P235GH is the EN chemical designation.
It has a moderately low thermal conductivity among wrought carbon or non-alloy steels. In addition, it has a moderately high ductility and a fairly low tensile strength.
The graph bars on the material properties cards below compare EN 1.0345 steel to: wrought carbon or non-alloy steels (top), all iron alloys (middle), and the entire database (bottom). A full bar means this is the highest value in the relevant set. A half-full bar means it's 50% of the highest, and so on.
Mechanical Properties
Brinell Hardness
120
Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus
190 GPa 27 x 106 psi
Elongation at Break
27 %
Fatigue Strength
170 MPa 25 x 103 psi
Impact Strength: V-Notched Charpy
44 J 32 ft-lb
Poisson's Ratio
0.29
Shear Modulus
73 GPa 11 x 106 psi
Shear Strength
270 MPa 39 x 103 psi
Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS)
420 MPa 61 x 103 psi
Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof)
230 MPa 34 x 103 psi
Thermal Properties
Latent Heat of Fusion
250 J/g
Maximum Temperature: Mechanical
400 °C 750 °F
Melting Completion (Liquidus)
1460 °C 2660 °F
Melting Onset (Solidus)
1420 °C 2590 °F
Specific Heat Capacity
470 J/kg-K 0.11 BTU/lb-°F
Thermal Conductivity
49 W/m-K 28 BTU/h-ft-°F
Thermal Expansion
12 µm/m-K
Electrical Properties
Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume
7.2 % IACS
Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific)
8.3 % IACS
Otherwise Unclassified Properties
Base Metal Price
2.1 % relative
Density
7.9 g/cm3 490 lb/ft3
Embodied Carbon
1.5 kg CO2/kg material
Embodied Energy
19 MJ/kg 8.4 x 103 BTU/lb
Embodied Water
48 L/kg 5.7 gal/lb
Common Calculations
Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work)
96 MJ/m3
Resilience: Unit (Modulus of Resilience)
140 kJ/m3
Stiffness to Weight: Axial
13 points
Stiffness to Weight: Bending
24 points
Strength to Weight: Axial
15 points
Strength to Weight: Bending
16 points
Thermal Diffusivity
13 mm2/s
Thermal Shock Resistance
13 points
Alloy Composition
| Fe | 97.2 to 99.38 | |
| Mn | 0.6 to 1.2 | |
| Si | 0 to 0.35 | |
| Cr | 0 to 0.3 | |
| Ni | 0 to 0.3 | |
| Cu | 0 to 0.3 | |
| C | 0 to 0.16 | |
| Mo | 0 to 0.080 | |
| Al | 0.020 to 0.024 | |
| Ti | 0 to 0.030 | |
| P | 0 to 0.025 | |
| Nb | 0 to 0.020 | |
| V | 0 to 0.020 | |
| N | 0 to 0.012 | |
| S | 0 to 0.010 |
All values are % weight. Ranges represent what is permitted under applicable standards.
Followup Questions
Similar Alloys
Further Reading
EN 10028-2: Flat products made of steels for pressure purposes - Part 2: Non-alloy and alloy steels with specified elevated temperature properties
EN 10216-2: Seamless steel tubes for pressure purposes - Technical delivery conditions - Part 2: Non-alloy and alloy steel tubes with specified elevated temperature properties
Creep-Resistant Steels, Fujio Abe et al. (editors), 2008
Pressure Vessels: External Pressure Technology, 2nd ed., Carl T. F. Ross, 2011
Carbon Steel Handbook, D. Gandy, 2007
Ferrous Materials: Steel and Cast Iron, Hans Berns and Werner Theisen, 2008
Steels: Processing, Structure, and Performance, 2nd ed., George Krauss, 2015